综合类:阅读综合指导倒装
英语的一般语序为:主语 谓语动词 宾语(或表语) (状语等附加成分)。有时为了语法上或修辞上的需要而改变这种语序,如将谓语动词放到主语的前面,就称为倒装。因语法需要的倒装称为"语法倒装",例如英语中的疑问句多采用倒装形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辞需要,如为了强调、句子结构均衡或承上启下等目的倒装,称为"修辞性倒装",例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. (山顶上有一座漂亮的小屋。)。
就应试而言,以下倒装现象应给予特别注意(按考试中出现的频率高低顺序排列):
1) not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等否定词开头的句子,比较:
例1
正常语序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
倒装语序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
(我永远不会忘记初上大学的那些日子)
例2
正常语序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
倒装语序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
(直到最近我才知道什么叫市场经济。)
以上两个句子采用倒装语序的主要目的是为了强调。
在这一节中,要特别注意以下三个倒装句型:
not until… ,见以上例2
no sooner …than…, 例如:
No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask
her questions.
(她刚念完这首诗,学生们就开始向她提问题了。)
hardly …when …,与 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞错了,既:
Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
2)介词 no否定词开头的句子, 比较:
正常语序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情况下,我决不做有损国家利益的事情。)
倒装语序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
3) only, so/such (…that…),often 等词开头的句子,比较: 4)
正常语序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
倒装语序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
(只有这样我们才能学好一门外语。)
正常语序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
倒装语序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
(污迹很小,几乎看不出来。)
从以上的举例可以归纳出:
如果以上的词(组)本来就是修饰或说明主语的,不存在倒装问题,例如:
Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
(不是所有科学家都接受他的有关宇宙起源的新理论的。)
怎么倒装?采用一般疑问句的倒装规则。
应试思路:
倒装句一般都比较长,表达的意思相对比较复杂,这给英语基础比较差的考生带来理解上的一定困难。为了提高应试效率,要牢牢把握好以下应试思路:
见到not等否定词,或only, so, often, 或"介词 no…"开头的句子,首先要考虑是否倒装;
看看答案中哪个采用了倒装形式(不要管是什么意思);
如果答案中有几个倒装形式,比较一下时态、语态或其他细微差别。