职称英语考试语法:定语从句及例题
where: 当先行名词在从句中当"地点状语"时,用关系副词where连接
例如:
The crime rate rises in cities where the unemployment rate increases. (失业率高的城市犯罪率也高。) 句中的where = in cities, 表示行为发生的地点。
这里的要点是能否区分是用that (which) 还是用 where, 即:是做"主语、宾表语",还是做"地点状语",例如:
I love the small town that we visited last week.
句中"town"做动词"visited"的宾语,即"参观过的小镇",故用that连接。
I love the small town where I lived during my childhood.
句中"town" 是动词"lived"的地点,即"童年时住过的小镇",故用where.
这也是定语从句的一个考点。
when : 当先行名词在从句中当"时间状语"时,用关系副词when连接, 例如:
July is the month when we have a lot of rain. (七月是多雨的月份。)
注意"when"定语从句后推的现象,例如:
I think (that) the day will finally come when air pollution can be put under control. (我认为空气污染得以控制的一天最终会来到。)
放在主句后面作非限制定语从句时(前面一般加","号),"when"一般译为"此时","那时", 例如:
The meeting will be put off until next month, when we will have made all the preparations. (会议将推迟到下月,那时一切就准备就绪了。)
另一个关系副词是why,由于它固定与the reason搭配, 即: the reason why,不难理解,一般也不作为考试的重点。例如:
This is the reason why the electronic computer cannot entirely replace man. 这就是(为什么)电子计算机不能完全代替人的原因。
whose (= of which / whom):做先行词(不管是人还是物)的定语,汉语为"…的",不要考虑是否是限制性或非限制性定语从句, 例如:
Pay attention to that boy whose temperature is very high. (理论上也可以写成:Pay attention to that boy the temperature of whom is very high. 注意那个男孩,他的体温很高。(非限制性) / 注意那个体温很高的男孩。(限制性)
介词 which (whom)
先看两个句子:
This is the house. He has lived in the house for over 30 years.
变为↓定语从句
This is the house in which he has lived for over 30 years.
上述句子中,先行词在从句中充当介词宾语,形成"介词 which / whom"的形式,考试时要求作出1)要不要介词;2)若要,使用什么介词的判断。由于英语中介词搭配多为习惯用法,没有多少规律可循,因此这是定语从句考试的一个难点。
记住四个字:瞻前顾后
瞻前:先看看先行词一般与什么介词搭配,例如:
There are occasions _____ which joking is not permissible.
→ Joking is not permissible _____ (certain) occasions.
常与occasion搭配的介词是什么?on, 即:
Joking is not permissible on (certain) occasions. (有的场合是不容许开玩笑的。)
↓
There are occasions on which joking is not permissible.