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职称英语理工类语法辅导:非谓语动词不定式

2012-12-9  来自于:课评集

  理工类语法辅导:非谓语动词不定式

  非谓语动词也叫非限定动词或动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 具有动词的部分语法特征,可以承担句子的任何成分。

  不定式

  1、动词不定式形式:(to) do具有名词、形容词、副词的特征;否定式:not (to) do

  2、不定式的句法功能:

  (1)作主语:

  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

  To lose your heart means failure.

  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:

  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

  It means failure to lose your heart.

  常用句式有:

  1、It be 名词 to do.

  2、It takes sb. some time to do.

  3、It be 形容词 of sb to do.

  4、It be 形容词 for sb. to do.

  常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。

  (2)作表语:

  Her job is to clean the hall.

  He appears to have caught a cold.

  (3)作宾语:

  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:

  Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如: I have no choice but to stay here.

  He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.

  动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如: He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

  (4)作宾语补足语: 在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如: With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.

  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如: I saw him cross the road. /He was seen to cross the road.

  (5)作定语:

  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

  ①动宾关系:

  I have a meeting to attend.

  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:

  He found a good house to live in.

  The child has nothing to worry about.

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