综合类考试：阅读理解Early or Later Day Care
The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails， and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.
Firstly， anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example， in some tribal societies， such as the Ngoni， the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone — far from it. Secondly， common sense tells US that day care would not be so widespread today if parents， care-takers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out， and even if they were， the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial. Thirdly， in the last decade there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care， and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neural or slightly positive effect on childrens development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are not widely enough accepted to settle the issue.
But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to， say， more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects， parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy， and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter， then， is far from clear-cuff， though experience and available evidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.
词汇：
psychoanalyst n.精神分析学家一心理分析学家
insulate vt.隔绝
rear vt.抚养
predispose 易导致
care taker n.照顾者，看管人
entail vt.蕴涵
infant n.婴儿
anthropologist n.人类学家
1.Which of the following statements would Bowlby support？
A) Statistical studies should be carried out to assess the positive effect of day car for children at the age of three or older.
B) Early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.
C) The first three years of ones life is extremely important to the later development of personality.
D) Children under three get used to the life at nursery schools more readily than children over three.
2.Which of the following is derivable from Bowlbys work？
A) Mothers should not send their children to day care centers before the age of three.
B) Day care nurseries have positive effects on a childs development.
C) A child sent to a day care center before the age of three may have emotional problems in later life.
D) Baby care would not be so popular if it has noticeable negative effects on a childs s personality.
3.It is suggested that modern societies differ from traditional societies in that ______ 。
A) the parents-child relationship is more exclusive in modern societies
B) a child more often grows up with his/her brothers or sisters in traditional societies
C) mother brings up children with the help of her husband in traditional societies
D) children in modern societies are more likely to develop mental illness in later years
4.Which of the following statements is NOT an argument against Bowlbys theory？
A) Many studies show that day care has a positive effect on childrens development.
B) The fact that there are so many nursery schools today shows that day care is safe.
C) The separation of young children from their parents is common in some traditional societies.
D) Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.
5. Which of the following best expresses the writers attitude towards early day care？
A) Children under three should stay with their parents.
B) Early day care has positive effects on childrens development.
C) The issue is controversial and its settlement calls for the use of statistics.
D) The effects of early day care on children are exaggerated and parents should ignore the issue.
「正确答案」 1-5 CAADC
「答案解析」 1.C 波比认为，孩子从出生到三岁这段时间是一个敏感的“依恋”期。三岁以下的孩子如与父母分开可能会给孩子的性格造成伤害，进而导致以后的情感问题。因此可以认为波比会同意C.
2.A C是波比的思想，而不是依据他的思想得出的结论，因此不对。第一段的第二句话说：一些人从波比的研究得出结论，日托要使父母和孩子分开，孩子三岁之前不应该送日托。因此A是正确答案。
3.A 第二段的第一句话说：人类学家指出，现代社会中父母与孩子之间的绝缘的爱的关系在传统社会中一般不存在。insulated(绝缘的)一词与A中的exclusive (排他的)相呼应。文章只是在第二段的第一句中提到传统社会，仅从这句话不能推断出B、C、D.
4.D 第二段列出了三条论据反对波比的理论。这三条论据分别对应C、B、A.“父母们觉得眼前的后果难以应付”不是反对波比理论的论据。
5.C 作者中立地报道了对日托的两种不同看法，并指出缺乏统计研究。特别是在第三段的第二句话中提出，日托是否会在15或20年后导致精神病或犯罪只能用统计的方法来研究。因此C是正确答案。
